թ‚Թ,The Washington Timesթ‚Թե. թ”Թգթ–Չ‚-թ•Թ)թ•ԹԴթ•ԹԱթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ— թ•Թզթ•Թէթ•Թ,թ•ԹԵթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԲ թ•Թ« թ•Թ-թ•ԹԶթ•Թ(թ•Թ- թ•ԹԵթ•ԹԴթ•Թ-թ•Թզթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ•Թբ թ•Թ։թ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԴթ•ԹԱ թ•Թթ–Չ€❁թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ թ•Չ€ թ•Թ,թ•Թգթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թբթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ,թ•ԹԳ

թ‚Թ,The Washington Timesթ‚Թե-թ•Թ— թ•Թէթ•ԹԵթ•Թ❁թ•Թ։թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ(թ•Թ- թ•Թ« թ•Թ՛թ•ԹԴթ•Թ)թ•ԹԷթ•Թ❁թ•Թ…թ•Թ❁թ•Թ։թ•Թ,թ–Չ‚- թ•Թթ•Թ(թ•ԹԲ թ•Չ€ թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ§թ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ։թ•Թ,` թ‚Թ,թ”Թդթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ–Չ‚-թ–Չ€žթ•Թ,թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԲ թ•Թզթ•Թէթ•Թ,թ•ԹԵթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԲ թ•Թ(թ•ԹԳ թ•Թ-թ•ԹԶթ•Թ(թ•Թ- թ•Թ❁թ•Թգթ•Թ՟թ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ՛թ•Թ,թ•Թ՜թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•Թ.թ•Թբթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ թ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•Թ❁թ–Թթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ–Թթ•Թ,թ•Թդթ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ,թ•ԹԳթ‚Թե թ•ԹԷթ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԳթ•Թ❁թ•Թ։թ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԴթ•ԹԷ թ•Թ՛թ•ԹԴթ•Թ)թ•ԹԷթ•Թ❁թ•Թ…թ•Թ—:

թ•Թթ•Թէթ•ԹԴթ–Չ‚-թ–Չ€❁ թ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•Թ❁թ–Թթ•ԹԳթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԲ թ•Թ(թ•ԹԳթ–Չ€ž թ•Թ՛թ•ԹԴթ•Թ)թ•ԹԷթ•Թ❁թ•Թ…թ•ԹԳ թ•ԹԴթ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԴթ•Թգ թ•Թ՜թ–Չ‚-թ•Թաթ•Թ❁թ•Թէթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԲթ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԴթ•ԹԷ.

թ‚Թ,թ”Թդթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ–Չ‚-թ–Չ€žթ•Թ,թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•Թ, թ–Չ€žթ–Չ‚-թ•Թ(թ•Թ❁թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ թ•Թ)թ•Թ❁թ•Թէթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԳ թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԷթ•Թ(թ•Թ-թ•Թ, թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ•Թաթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՟ թ•Թ(թ•ԹԳ թ–Չ€»թ•Թ։թ•Թէթ•Թ❁թ•Թ։թ•ԹԴթ–Չ‚-թ•Թ…թ•ԹԷթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԲ թ•ԹԷթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թդթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԵթ•Թ(թ•Թէ թ”Թդթ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•Թ,թ–Ի’ թ”Թգթ–Չ‚-թ•Թ)թ•ԹԴթ•ԹԱթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ, թ•Թ,թ•Թզթ•Թ-թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԲթ•Թ,թ•Թզթ•Թէթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ թ–Չ€»թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ❁թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ։թ•Թ, թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԶթ•Թ❁թ•Թե թ•ԹԲթ•ԹԱթ•ԹԲթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԲթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-: թ”Թդթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ–Չ‚-թ–Չ€žթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ•Թբ թ•Թթ–Չ€❁թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ թ•Չ€ թ•Թ,թ•Թգթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թբթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ, թ•ԹԳթ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•Թէթ•ԹԲթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԲթ•Թ§ թ•ԹԲթ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•Թ,թ•Թզթ•Թ, 22-թ•Թ, թ•Թ)թ•Թ❁թ•Թէթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԷթ•Թաթ•Թ,թ•ԹԶթ•ԹԳ թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•Թ) թ•ԹԲթ•Թէթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՛թ•ԹԴթ•Թ։թ•Թ,թ•Թդ թ•ԹԲթ•Թ,թ•Թէթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԲթ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ, թ•Թգթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԳթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՜թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•Թ.թ•Թբթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԳթ•ԹԳ թ•Թ«:

թ•Չ€ թ•Թ,թ•Թգթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թբթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ— թ•Թէթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ§թ•Թ(թ–Չ‚- թ•Թ՛թ•Թ(թ•Թէթ•Թ❁թ–Չ€žթ–Չ‚-թ–Չ€žթ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•Թ.թ•Թբթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԳթ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ–Չ‚- թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ–Թթ•ԹԴթ•ԹԱ թ•Թէթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԱթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ)թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԷթ•ԹԴթ–Չ‚- թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ՞ թ•Թ«. թ•Թ-թ•Թ(թ•Թ»թ•ԹԷթ•Թ❁թ•Թ§թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ, թ•Թ-թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ❁թ•Թ։թ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԴթ•ԹԱ, թ•Թ՛թ•Թբթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ–Չ‚-թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•ԹԴթ–Թթ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•Թ,թ•ԹԳ թ•Թ՞թ•Թ(թ•ԹԶթ•ԹԳթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•Թէթ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-: թ•Չ€ թ•Թ,թ•Թգթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թբթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ— թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•Թէթ•ԹԳթ•Թ, թ•Թ« թ•ԹԴթ•Թդ թ•ԹԲթ•Թ,թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•ԹԳ թ•Թ,թ–Չ‚- թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԱթ•Թ(թ–Թթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•Թբթ–Թթ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԴթ•ԹԷ, թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•Թ- 2004թ•Թ.-թ•Թ,թ•ԹԳ թ”Թդթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ–Չ‚-թ–Չ€žթ•Թ,թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•Թ, թ•ԹԲթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ)թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€š թ•Թ,թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԷթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԳթ–Չ€žթ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ, թ•Թ❁թ•Թզթ•ԹԴթ–Թթ•Թ,թ•Թ❁թ–Թթ•Թ,թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•Թ, թ•Թ՜թ•ԹԴթ•ԹԱթ•ԹԲթ•Թ,թ–Թ թ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ՝թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ❁թ–Թթ•Թ(թ•Թ- թ•Թ« թ‚Թ,թ•Չ€žթ•Թէթ–Չ€žթ•Թ, թ•Թ❁թ•Թ»թ•Թ❁թ•Թէթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•Թ.թ•Թբթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԳթ‚Թե թ•ԹԲթ–Չ‚-թ–Թթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՜թ•Թ,` թ•Չ‚-թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•ԹԴթ–Թ թ–Թթ•Թ(թ•ԹԱթ•Թ❁թ•Թզթ•ԹԵթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•Թ.թ•Թբթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ թ•Թգթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ–Չ‚-թ•Թե թ•Թ§թ•Թ❁թ–Թ թ–Չ€žթ•ԹԳթ•ԹԳթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ՜թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԲթ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ, թ•Թ՜թ•ԹԴթ•Թդթ•Թ, թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԲթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-: 2008 թ•Թ.-թ•Թ,թ•ԹԳ թ•ԹԳթ•Թ❁ թ•Թ։թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ(թ•Թ- թ•Թ« թ‚Թ,թ•Թթ•Թ՟թ•Թ❁թ•Թ- թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ–Չ‚-թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԵթ•Թ(թ•Թէթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•Թ.թ•Թբթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԳ. 51 թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ–Թ թ”Թ՞թ•Թ.թ•Թ❁թ•Թ.թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ–Չ‚-թ–Չ€žթ•Թ, թ–Չ€❁ թ–Չ€žթ•Թ(թ•ԹԲթ•Թ❁թ•Թ-թ•Թ,թ•Թ»թ•ԹԲթ•Թ, թ•ԹԲթ•Թ❁թ•Թզթ•Թ,թ•ԹԳթ‚Թե թ•Թ։թ•Թ,թ–Չ‚-թ–Չ€žթ•Թ—` թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•Թէթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ(թ•Թ-թ•ԹԴթ•ԹԷ, թ•ԹԴթ–Չ‚- թ”Թդթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ–Չ‚-թ–Չ€žթ•Թ,թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•Թ, թ•Թ՛թ•Թ,թ•ԹԲթ•ԹԳթ•Թ❁թ•Թ)թ•Թ,թ–Չ‚- թ”Թ՞թ•Թ.թ•Թ❁թ•Թ.թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ–Չ‚-թ–Չ€žթ•Թ— թ–Չ€ թ•Թ❁թ•Թգթ•Թ,թ•Թզթ•Թէթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ թ•Թ§թ•ԹԶթ•ԹԳթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԵթ•Թ(թ•Թէթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•Թ.թ•Թբթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԳ թ•Թ«թ–Չ‚- թ•Թզթ•Թէթ•Թ(թ•ԹԱթ•Թ…թ•Թ(թ•Թ- թ•Թ❁թ•Թ»թ•Թ։թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•ԹԳթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•Թ.թ•Թբթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ թ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ–Չ€žթ•ԹԴթ‚Թե,- թ•Թ։թ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԲ թ•Թ« թ•Թ՛թ•ԹԴթ•Թ)թ•ԹԷթ•Թ❁թ•Թ…թ•Թ❁թ•Թ։թ•Թ,թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ—:

թ•Չ‚-թ•Թ,թ•Թգթ•Թ(թ–Թթ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ•ԹԳթ–Չ€ž, թ•ԹԴթ–Չ‚- թ•Թթ–Չ€❁թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ թ•Չ€ թ•Թ,թ•Թգթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թբթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ— 13.5 թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԲթ•Թզթ•ԹԷթ•Թ❁ թ•Թ❁թ•Թ»թ•Թ❁թ•Թէթ•Թ❁թ•Թ»թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ՜թ•ԹԲթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ թ•Թ« թ•Թ)թ•Թ❁թ•Թէթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԵթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թէթ•ԹԷթ•Թ(թ•Թ- թ•Չ€žթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԲթ•Թ(թ•Թ) թ•ԹԲթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ։թ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ(թ•Թ,թ•ԹԳ թ•ԹԷթ•Թ,թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԷթ•ԹԴթ–Չ‚-թ•Թ(թ•Թ-թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€š թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԲթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ–Չ€՛

թ‚Թ,թ•Չ€ թ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԲթ•Թզ թ•Չ€ թ•Թ,թ•Թգթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թբթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•ԹԳ թ•Թ,թ–Չ‚- թ•Թ)թ•Թ❁թ•Թէթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԷթ•Թաթ•Թ,թ•ԹԶթ•Թ— թ•Թ§թ•ԹԴթ•ԹԱթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€žթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ՜թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԲ թ•Թ« թ•ժզթ•Թաթ•ԹԶթ•Թ❁թ•Թ§թ•Թ(թ•Թ՜ թ•Թ)թ•Թ❁թ•Թէթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԲ. թ•ԹԳթ•Թ❁ թ•Թզթ•Թէթ•Թ,թ•ԹԵթ•ԹԷթ•Թ❁թ•Թ… թ•Թ՜թ•Թ-թ•Թ,թ•ԹԳթ•Թ, թ•ԹԴթ•ԹԱթ•Թե թ•ԹԵթ•Թ❁թ•Թէթ•Թ,թ•Թ՝թ•Թ— թ•Թ՜թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ(թ•Թ-, թ•Թ(թ•Թ.թ•Թ( թ•Թ)թ•Թ❁թ•Թէթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԷթ•Թաթ•Թ,թ•ԹԶթ•Թ— թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ•Թզթ•Թէթ•Թ❁թ•Թէթ•ԹԷթ•Թ,: թ”Թ՞թ•Թբթ•Թ) թ•Թ)թ•Թ❁թ•Թէթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԷթ•Թաթ•Թ,թ•ԹԶթ•Թ— թ•Թ՟թ•Թ❁թ•Թ՟թ•Թէթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԲ թ•Թ« թ•Չ€žթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ)թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€š թ•Թ,թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԷթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԳթ–Չ€žթ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ, թ•Թ(թ•ԹԷթ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԴթ•ԹԵթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ թ•Թ՜թ•ԹԴթ•ԹԳթ•ԹԷթ•Թ(թ•ԹԳթ–Թթ•Թ,թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•Թ, 6-թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ) թ–Չ€❁ 10-թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ) թ•Թ՛թ•ԹԴթ•Թ)թ•ԹԷթ•Թ❁թ•Թ…թ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ—: թ•Չ€ թ•Թ,թ•Թգթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թբթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ, թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ•Թեթ•ԹԴթ–Չ‚-թ•Թ) թ–Չ€žթ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•Թ-թ•Թ— թ•Թ՜թ•Թ-թ•Թ,թ•ԹԳթ•Թ, թ•Չ€žթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ)թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€š թ•Թ,թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԷթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԳթ–Չ€žթ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ, թ•Թ(թ•ԹԷթ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԴթ•ԹԵթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ թ•Թ)թ•Թ❁թ•Թէթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ թ•Թ)թ•Թ,թ•ԹԲթ•Թ(թ•Թ-թ•Թ—:

թ‚Թ,թ”ԹԶթ–Չ‚-թ•Թ❁թ•Թ։թ•ԹԴթ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԴթ•ԹԱթ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ–Չ‚- թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԶթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ–Թ թ•Թզթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՛թ•ԹԲթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ,թ‚Թե թ•ԹԲթ•Թ,թ•Թեթ•Թ❁թ•Թ»թ•Թ։թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•Թ,թ•ԹԳ թ•Թ,թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԷթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԵթ•Թ❁թ•Թգթ•Թէթ•ԹԵթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•Թ»թ•ԹԲթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՜թ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԵթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•Թ.թ•Թբթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԳթ•Թ— թ•Թ)թ•Թ❁թ•Թէթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԵթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թէթ•Թ(թ•Թ- թ•Թ«թ–Չ‚- թ‚Թ,թ•Թէթ•Թ(թ•ԹԱթ•Թ(թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•Թէթ•ԹԷթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•Թ.թ•Թբթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ թ•Թ❁թ•Թ»թ•Թ❁թ•Թէթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•Թ.թ•Թբթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ թ•Թ՜թ•ԹԴթ•ԹԵթ•Թ,թ•Թէ թ•ԹԴթ•Թէթ•ԹԳթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԲթ•Թ—թ‚Թե թ–Չ€❁ թ•Թ՜թ•ԹԴթ•Թդ թ•Թ«թ–Չ‚- թ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ(թ•Թ- թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԵթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԱ թ•Թդթ•Թ(թ•ԹԱթ•Թբթ•Թ❁թ•Թ- թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԲթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚- 216(3)թ•Թ՛թ•ԹԴթ•Թ)թ•ԹԷթ•Թ❁թ•Թ…թ•Թ—, թ•ԹԴթ–Չ‚-թ•Թ— թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ,թ–Չ‚- թ•Թդթ•Թ« թ•Թ❁թ•Թգթ•Թ՟թ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ՛թ•Թ,թ•Թ՜ թ•ԹԵթ•Թ(թ•Թէթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•Թ.թ•Թբթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ—, թ•Թ,թ•ԹԳթ•Թդթ•ԹԵթ•Թ,թ•Թզթ•Թ,թ•ԹԳ թ”Թդթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ–Չ‚-թ–Չ€žթ•Թ,թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ թ•Թ«:

թ”Թդթ•Թ(թ–Չ€❁ թ•Թ.թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ–Չ‚-թ–Չ€žթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԶթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԷթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•Թ.թ•Թբթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԳթ•Թ— թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԲթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԷթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԲ թ•Թ« թ•Թ❁թ•Թգթ•Թ՟թ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ՛թ•Թ,թ•Թ՜, թ•Թզթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•ԹԳ թ”Թգթ–Չ‚-թ•Թ)թ•ԹԴթ•ԹԱթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ, թ•ԹԶթ•Թ(թ•Թ՝թ•Թ,թ•ԹԲթ•ԹԳ թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•Թ)թ•ԹԵթ•Թ,թ•Թզթ•Թ,թ•ԹԳ թ•Թդթ•Թ«: 2002թ•Թ.. թ•Թ,թ–Չ‚- թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԱթ•Թ.թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՜թ•Թ,թ–Թ թ•Թ՛թ•Թ(թ•Թէթ•ԹԴ թ”Թգթ–Չ‚-թ•Թ)թ•ԹԴթ•ԹԱթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ— թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•Թէթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ(թ•Թ- թ•Թ«թ–Չ‚-, թ•ԹԴթ–Չ‚- թ•Թ,թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ(թ•ԹԳթ–Չ€ž թ‚Թ,թ•Թ❁թ•Թգթ•Թ՟թ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ՛թ•Թ,թ•Թ՜թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•Թ.թ•Թբթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ թ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ❁թ•Թգթ•Թ՟թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԷթ•ԹԴթ–Չ‚- թ•Թ(թ•ԹԳթ‚Թե: թ•Չ‚-թ•Թ,թ•ԹԲթ•Թ❁, թ•Թ,թ–Չ‚- թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԶթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԷթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԲթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ 11-թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ) թ•Թէթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԲ, թ”Թգթ–Չ‚-թ•Թ)թ•ԹԴթ•ԹԱթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ— թ•Թ՛թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ❁թ•Թ՝թ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԷթ•Թ(թ•Թ- թ•Թ« թ–Թթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ–Թթ•Թ❁թ•Թ… թ•Թդթ•Թ❁թ–Ի’թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԷթ•ԹԴթ–Չ‚- թ•Թ)թ•Թ,թ–Չ‚-թ–Չ€žթ•ԹԴթ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԴթ•Թգթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԲթ•Թ,թ–Թ:

թ•խ†թ•Թդ թ”Թ՞թ•Չ€žթ•Չ€  թ•ԹԵթ•Թ(թ•Թէթ–Չ€žթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թէթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԱթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•Թ.թ•Թբթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԳթ•Թ—, թ•ԹԴթ•Թդ թ”Թբթ•Չ€ž թ•ԹԴթ–Չ‚-թ–Չ€❁թ•Թ« թ•Թ։թ•ԹԴթ–Չ‚-թ•Թ…թ•Թ❁թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•Թ-թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•Թ.թ•Թբթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԳ թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ)թ•Թ(թ•Թզ թ•Թդթ•Թ(թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳ թ•Չ€ թ•Թ,թ•Թգթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թբթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ, թ•ԹԷթ•Թ,թ•Թաթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՜թ•Թ, թ•Թ՛թ•Թ(թ•Թէ թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԵթ•ԹԷթ•Թ❁թ•Թ… թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•Թէթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•Թ.թ•Թբթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԲթ•Թ§: թ”Թ՞թ•Թբթ•Թզ թ•Թ…թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ–Չ‚-թ•Թ❁թ•Թ՛թ•Թ(թ•ԹԱ թ•ԹԵթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՛թ•Թ,թ•ԹԳ թ•ԹԲթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ)թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€š թ•Թ,թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԷթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԳթ–Չ€žթ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ, թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ–Թթ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԴթ•ԹԷ թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•Թ»թ•ԹԲթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՜թ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԵթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•Թ.թ•Թբթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԳթ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ— թ•ԹԵթ•Թ(թ•Թէթ–Չ€ž թ•Թ« թ•ԹԳթ–Չ‚-թ•Թ❁ թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԳթ•ԹԴթ•ԹԷ թ•Թ§թ•ԹԴթ•ԹԱթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€ž թ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•Թ❁թ–Թթ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ•ԹԳ թ•Չ€žթ”Թեթ”Թբթ”ԹԲ: թ•Չ€՛թ•Թ❁թ–Ի’թ•Թ❁թ•Թ»թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ–Թ թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ–Չ€❁թ•ԹԴթ–Չ‚- թ•Թ«, թ•ԹԴթ–Չ‚- թ•ԹԲթ•Թ,թ•Թեթ•Թ❁թ•Թ»թ•Թ։թ•Թ❁թ•Թբթ•Թ,թ•ԹԳ թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•Թ.թ•Թբթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԳթ•ԹԳ թ•Թ,թ–Չ‚- թ•ԹԲթ•Թ❁թ•Թզթ•ԹԳթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՜թ–Թթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•Թ.թ•Թբթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԳթ•ԹԳ թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ•ԹԳթ•Թ❁, թ•Թ՛թ•Թ❁թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԶթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՜ թ•Թ)թ•Թ(թ•ԹԵթ–Չ€žթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԲ թ”Թգթ–Չ‚-թ•Թ)թ•ԹԴթ•ԹԱթ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ, թ•ԹԶթ•Թ(թ•Թ՝թ•Թ,թ•ԹԲթ•Թ— թ•Թ՜թ•Թգթ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ•ԹԳթ•Թ❁թ•Թ՜թ•Թ, թ–Չ€žթ–Չ‚-թ•Թ(թ•Թ❁թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ❁թ–Թթ•ԹԳթ•Թ(թ•Թ- թ•Թ՜թ•Թ❁թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ…թ•Թ,թ–Չ€žթ•Թ—թ‚Թե,-թ•Թ։թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ(թ•Թ- թ•Թ« թ•Չ€ թ•Թ❁թ•ԹԳթ•Թ§թ•Թ(թ–Չ‚-թ•Թ։թ•Թ,թ•ԹԳ:

թ”Թ՞թ•ԹԱթ•Թ§թ•Թբթ•ԹԴթ–Չ€šթ–Չ‚-` Panorama.am

Silencing a secularist in Turkey

Sam Nunberg for The Washington Timesթ‚Թ 

The Turkish criminal courts have increasingly been used to further Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoganթ§Չ‚-Չ„§s Islamist agenda through hate-speech prosecutions. The May 22 sentencing of Turkish-Armenian Sevan Nisanyan continues this disturbing trend of strangling political and social discourse.

Mr. Nisanyan is a man of many interests and talents. Linguist, journalist and hotel entrepreneur, Mr. Nisanyan is not only known for his guidebook to small, affordable hotels in Turkey, but also was awarded the 2004 Freedom of Thought Award by Turkey’s Human Rights Association for advocating the open discussion on the Armenian genocide. In 2008, he authored թ§Չ‚-ժ“The Mistaken Republic: 51 Questions about Ataturk and Kemalism,թ§Չ‚-Թ arguing that Turkeyթ§Չ‚-Չ„§s founder, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, established a fascist dictatorship under the guise of nationalism. Mr. Nisanyan continues to frequently publish witty critical posts against the authoritarian bodies of the Turkish government on his blog, often with direct critiques on the Erdogan regime.

Following the worldwide protests last September by Muslims enraged by the release of the satirical YouTube film թ§Չ‚-ժ“The Innocence of Muslims,թ§Չ‚-Թ Mr. Nisanyan argued in a Sept. 29 post that such discourse should not be criminalized. While mocking Muhammad is թ§Չ‚-ժ“ugly,թ§Չ‚-Թ it does not constitute a թ§Չ‚-ժ“hate crime.թ§Չ‚-Թ Putting emphasis on the distinction, Mr. Nisanyan wrote:

թ§Չ‚-ժ“Mocking an Arab leader թ§Չ‚-Չ€ who claimed that he contacted God hundreds of years ago and who gained political, financial and sexual profit from this թ§Չ‚-Չ€ is not a hate crime. Almost at the level of kindergarten, it is a test case of the thing called թ§Չ‚-խœfreedom of expression.թ§Չ‚-Չ„§թ§Չ‚-Թ

Mr. Nisanyan subsequently explained that his 377-word posting was spawned by Mr. Erdoganթ§Չ‚-Չ„§s uproar over թ§Չ‚-ժ“that cheapo Muhammad filmթ§Չ‚-Թ and his demand that the West recognize թ§Չ‚-ժ“Islamophobia as a crime against humanity.թ§Չ‚-Թ

The post not only prompted 15 separate criminal complaints, but Deputy Prime Minister Bekir Bozdag, an Erdogan confidant, called on prosecutors to launch an investigation. Breeching the sovereignty of the Turkish judiciary, he declared, թ§Չ‚-ժ“Iթ§Չ‚-Չ„§m announcing a crime. This is a typical hate crime. It is a hate crime, and it is a crime that is defined in our penal code.թ§Չ‚-Թ

On Oct. 15, Mr. Nisanyan appeared on CNN Turkթ§Չ‚-Չ„§s թ§Չ‚-ժ“Contrary to the Questionsթ§Չ‚-Թ to discuss the թ§Չ‚-ժ“The Innocence of Muslimsթ§Չ‚-Թ riots and the Turkish governmentթ§Չ‚-Չ„§s denouncements of the film. The Supreme Board of Radio and Television fined the private broadcast on the grounds that Mr. Nisanyanթ§Չ‚-Չ„§s comments թ§Չ‚-ժ“insulted the Prophet Muhammad,թ§Չ‚-Թ թ§Չ‚-ժ“exceeded the boundaries of freedom of expressionթ§Չ‚-Թ and were թ§Չ‚-ժ“insulting and injuriousթ§Չ‚-Թ to society.

In April, a month before Mr. Nisanyanթ§Չ‚-Չ„§s trial, world-renowned pianist Fazil Say was handed a 10-month suspended jail sentence under Article 216(3) for tweets made in jest about a call to prayer and heaven. On April 15, European Union foreign-policy chief Catherine Ashtonթ§Չ‚-Չ„§s office criticized Mr. Sayթ§Չ‚-Չ„§s sentence, calling for Turkey թ§Չ‚-ժ“to fully respect freedom of expression.թ§Չ‚-Թ Three days later, Mr. Bozdag defended the conviction because Mr. Say թ§Չ‚-ժ“was swearing at someoneթ§Չ‚-Չ„§s values,թ§Չ‚-Թ and թ§Չ‚-ժ“[n]obody should confuse freedom of thought with freedom of swearing.թ§Չ‚-Թ

With both Mr. Bozdagթ§Չ‚-Չ„§s public declaration of Mr. Nisanyanթ§Չ‚-Չ„§s guilt and endorsement of the Say verdict, combined with the radio-TV boardթ§Չ‚-Չ„§s ruling, Mr. Nisanyan could not expect an impartial trial. Prosecuted under Turkish Criminal Code Article 216(3), which declares, թ§Չ‚-ժ“Any person who openly disrespects the religious belief of a group is punished with imprisonment from six months to one year if such act causes potential risk for public peace,թ§Չ‚-Թ the magistrate judge of course found Mr. Nisanyan guilty, sentencing him to a 13-month prison sentence, six weeks beyond the statutorily permissible punishment.

Currently appealing his conviction in the Court of Cessation, Mr. Nisanyan will have to serve the entire jail sentence should the magistrateթ§Չ‚-Չ„§s sentence be upheld. The sentence violates the European Convention on Human Rightsթ§Չ‚-Չ„§ Article 6 (right to a fair trial) and Article 10 (freedom of expression). Mr. Nisanyanթ§Չ‚-Չ„§s next best course is an appeal with the European Court of Human Rights.

Reporters Without Borders immediately condemned the sentence as a թ§Չ‚-ժ“grave violation of freedom of informationթ§Չ‚-Թ and called for the immediate repeal of the թ§Չ‚-ժ“draconianթ§Չ‚-Թ Article 216(3), which թ§Չ‚-ժ“has no place in a secular country such as Turkey.թ§Չ‚-Թ

While the Turkish government is secular, the Erdogan regime is not. Following his narrow 2002 victory, Mr. Erdogan declared, թ§Չ‚-ժ“Secularism is the protector of all beliefs and religions. We are the guarantors of this secularism, and our management will clearly prove that.թ§Չ‚-Թ Now in the 11th year of his rule, Mr. Erdogan has abandoned any moderate facade.

Neither the State Department nor any EU agency has issued a statement about Mr. Nisanyanթ§Չ‚-Չ„§s plight. At this critical juncture, human rights organizations should file appeals on his behalf in the European Court of Human Rights. It is imperative that the international community become engaged; otherwise, opinions will continue to be criminalized by the Erdogan regime.

Sam Nunberg serves as director of the Legal Project, an activity of the Middle East Forum

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